Resource Based View of the Firm

Plan/methodology,'approach †The paper proposes a connection between esteem hypothesis and responsibility utilizing a Resource Value-Resource Risk point of view as an option in contrast to the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The connection works first from the work procedure, where worth is made yet is incompletely perceptible by intra-firm systems of authoritative control and outside administration courses of action without Incurring checking costs. Second, It works through legally binding courses of action which Impose fixed cost structures on exercises with variable revenues.Findings †The paper along these lines clarifies how worth starts in unsafe and hard to screen beneficial procedures and is transmitted as rents to authoritative and capital market constituents. It at that point audits ongoing commitments to the RUB, contending that the proposed new methodology conquers holes intrinsic in the other options, and therefore offers an increasingly complete and incorporated pe rspective on firm conduct. Innovation/esteem †The RUB can turn into a reasonable hypothesis of firm conduct. On the off chance that It embraces and can Integrate the work hypothesis of significant worth. Related proportions of hazard emerging from the work procedure and systems of accountability.Keywords Resources, Risk the board, Labor, Competitive preferred position Paper type Research paper Value, benefit and hazard 1 . Prologue To what degree is system encircled in bookkeeping terms and what job do bookkeeping numbers and procedures play in setting methodology? In the two cases the appropriate response is presumably insufficient, In perspective on the possible commitment on offer from bookkeeping by and large, and from basic bookkeeping specifically. As of late, the asset based view (RUB) of the firm, has accomplished across the board spread In scholarly writing and the executives practice (Acted et al. , 2006).It clarifies nominative favorable position, or conveyance of co ntinued better than average returns (Apteral, 1993) or monetary benefit (Barney, 2001), as far as firms' packs of assets (Amity and Shoemaker, 1993; Rumble, 1984), which are significant, uncommon, supreme and non-substitutable (FRI.) (Barney, 2001, accentuation included). A hypothesis connecting resource esteem and anomalous returns Is along these lines The creator might Want to thank members at the European basic Accounting considers meeting, multiversity AT York, 2 Institute of Chartered Accountants in Scotland, whose money related help built up the thoughts in this paper.

How has the concept of individual liberty changed throughout the Essay

How has the idea of individual freedom changed since the commencement of political idea Discuss and build up a contention dependent on crafted by writers talked about all through the course - Essay Example It additionally incorporates the condition of lack of interest towards others’ political, social, monetary, social, individual and strict exercises. Universal governmental issues, worldwide law, state associations, social equity, equity, freedom and social developments additionally come into the overlap of progressivism. By fundamentally inspecting the ways of thinking of all the extraordinary characters, it becomes clear that every one of these characters bolster singular freedom gave it is seen out of sound thinking from one viewpoint, and is practiced with a well meaning goal on the other. Singular freedom has consistently been the subject of incredible enthusiasm for the savants and political scholars, and they strived for winning opportunity of thought and activity for all residents on the establishment of equity and with no segregation of standing, class, belief, network, race, locale, religion, ethnicity and sexual orientation. Since scholars and logicians fill in as the cerebrum of a general public, they don't acknowledge disparities and treacheries submitted by the rulers and amazing layer of society on the smothered masses. Thus, they defy the man-made bonds and shackles and present the scholarly structure which offers a total and only framework to lead a cheerful and serene life. Since the establishments of their way of thinking lays on human government assistance, they conscious the general public from the rest of obliviousness and urge them battle to win their privileges. Before the compelling French Revolution it were logicians like Voltaire, Rousseau and ot her people who arose the resting country and battled for the honorable motivation of uniformity and equity by their superb works. The philosophical topic behind the writing of that time made ready towards equivalent appropriation of intensity, pelf, ownership and eminence for all layers of French Society. Consequently crooked estimates upheld by the French laws reached a conclusion. The savants having a place with antiquated Greece assumed the most considerable job in regard of acquiring person

The Best Study Spots on Campus for Your Every Need

The Best Study Spots on Campus for Your Every Need Finding the perfect study spot is, in my opinion, the most important part of having an effective study session. The right vibe and ambiance affects how much you are able to focus and stay on task. The following are some of my favorite study spotsâ€"each depending on what kind of mood I may be in that day! 1. Solitude When I want to be alone and study for a few hours without any distractions, I always hit up the Main Library. This building is located on the southwest end of the main quad, so it’s conveniently located near bus stops and a lot of class buildings. The architecture both outside and inside are stunning, and this only adds to the overall environment. Everyone who goes to the Main Library is there to focus and and stay on task for a few hours. So, if you need to crank out an essay or cram in a few lectures before an exam, hit up this library! 2. Relaxed If there is a day when I don’t have too much work to do or it’s just a day of light reviewing and completing some busy work, I like to go to nearby coffee shops on campus. My favorite spot is Caffe Bene. The nice thing about this cafe is that there are two locations on campus. If one spot gets a little too crowded, I like to check out the other location where I can find a spot to sit down. This is an atmosphere where I usually run into friends, and it’s nice to chat with them as they pass by. 3. Interactive As a pre-health student, I am enrolled in an anatomy course along with some of my other pre-health friends. This class is very dense, so we like to collaborate while we study and learn together. Buildings like Everitt Laboratory and Natural History Building have great areas where groups can study and discuss class materials together. White boards and projector access helps with the collaboration process. There are so many areas around campus that offer different environments for studying. Take advantage of these locations and find your perfect study spot, and if one day you catch me studying in one of these spots, stop by and say hi. I’d love to chat with my readers in person! Kripa Class of 2020 I'm majoring in Psychology, minoring in Spanish, and pursuing a pre-dental track. It seems like I’m all over the place, but that’s what I like about college! I get to choose to study what I’m interested in, and I’m happy to be doing just that at Illinois.

What to Read in March

Not sure what to read this month? Try these suggestions based on   authors born in the month of March! Robert Lowell (March 1, 1917-September 12, 1977): Robert Traill Spence Lowell IV was an American poet who inspired the confessional style of other poets such as Sylvia Plath. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry and was a United States Poet Laureate. His own personal history and his family and friendships were important subjects in his poetry. Recommended: Life Studies (1959). Ralph Ellison: (March 1, 1914- April 16, 1994): Ralph Waldo Ellison was an American literary critic, scholar, and novelist. He won the National Book Award in 1953 served on The American Academy of Arts and Letters. Recommended: Invisible Man (1952). Elizabeth Barrett Browning: (March 6, 1806- June 29, 1861): Elizabeth Barrett was an important English Romantic poet. Many do not know that Brownings family was part-Creole and spent much time in Jamaica, where they owned sugar plantations (kept by slave labor). Elizabeth herself was highly educated and was vehemently opposed to slavery. Her later works are dominated by political and social themes. She met and married the poet Robert Browning after a long epistolary relationship. Recommended: Poems (1844) Garbriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez (March 6, 1928-April 17, 2014): Gabriel Josà © de la Concordia Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez was a Colombian author of plays, short stories, and novels. He is considered one of the most important writers of the twentieth-century, having won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1982. Garcia Marquez was also a journalist who criticized national and international politics, but he is best known for his fiction and magical realism. Recommended: One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967). Jack Kerouac: (March 12, 1922- October 21, 1969): Kerouac was a pioneering member of the 1950s Beat Generation. He originally went to college on a football scholarship, but upon moving to New York City he discovered Jazz and the Harlem scene, which would change his life, and the American literary landscape, forever.   Recommended: On the Road (1957). Louis L’Amour (March 22, 1908-June 10, 1988): Louis Dearborn grew up in North Dakota during the sunset years of the American frontier. His interactions with traveling cowboys, the great Northern Pacific Railroad, and the world of cattle ranching would shape his later fiction, as would the stories of his grandfather, who fought in civil and Indian wars. Recommended: The Daybreakers (1960). Flannery O’Connor (March 25, 1925-August 3, 1964): Mary Flannery  OConnor was an American writer. She flourished in the essay, short story and novel genres and was also a significant contributor to literary reviews and commentaries. Greatly inspired by her Roman Catholicism, her works often explored major themes of ethics and morality. She is one of the greatest Southern writers in American literature. Recommended: A Good Man Is Hard to Find (1955). Tennessee Williams: (March 26, 1911- February 25, 1983): Thomas Lanier Williams III is one of Americas greatest playwrights and an important presence in the history of homosexual writers. His works are heavily inspired by his own life, especially is unhappy family history. He had a great string of successful plays in the late 1940s, before shifting to a more experimental style which was not as well-received by audiences. Recommended: Suddenly, Last Summer (1958). Robert Frost: (March 26, 1874- Jauary 29, 1963): Robert Frost, perhaps Americas greatest and most successful poet, first explored a variety of careers, such as cobbler, editor, and teacher, before publishing his first poem (My Butterfly) in 1894. Frost spent some time living in England during the early 1900s, where he met such talents as Robert Graves and Ezra Pound. These experiences had a profound influence on his work. Recommended: North of Boston (1914). Anna Sewell (March 30, 1820- April 25, 1878): Anna Sewell is an English novelist, born into a Quaker family. When she was a girl, she severely injured both of her ankles, which confined her to crutches and limited walking for the rest of her life. Recommended: Black Beauty (1877). Other Notable Classic Writers Born in March: Theodore Seuss Geisel, Dr. Seuss (March 2, 1904-September 24, 1991)Tom Wolfe (March 2, 1931-  Ã‚  Ã‚   )Douglas Adams (March 11, 1952-May 11, 2001) Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879-April 18, 1955)John Updike (March 18, 1932-January 27, 2009)Philip Roth (March 19, 1933-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   )Lawrence Ferlinghetti (March 24, 1919-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ) Gloria Steinem (March 25, 1934-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   )John Fowles (March 31, 1926-November 5, 2005)

Adolescence Is A Transitional Period Of Physical And...

Adolescence is a transitional period of physical and psychological development, occurring during the period from puberty to adulthood. It is the time that is marked by several vital exploratory developmental experiences including, identity formation, development and growth. During this period adolescents are in the process of furthering social relationships, of finding their place in society, and of making important choices for their future lives. While it’s a time for tremendous growth and potential, on the path of identity, the individual encounter many challenges such as struggling with the idea of self-concept or/and self-esteem which exert powerful influences. The psychologists Erikson, Marcia, and Arnett each contributes to the theory of identity in their own context. Identity formation is a complex process that is central to life development which begins during the adolescent period and carries over to emerging adulthood. During this stage adolescents begin to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Erikson theorized that in adolescence the main task is identity formation which involves trying alternate identities and reflect on these experiences. He believes that they are two components that are necessary for a sense of identity and identity formation. First, the individual must search for a new sense of continuity and sameness which includes sexual maturity and resolving central issues in developmental stages, second their identity must be experiencedShow MoreRelatedSocial Development And Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1519 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescence (12-18 years of age) stage in human development is the period between puberty to legal adulthood. During this transitional stage physical, emotional, intellectual, social and psychological changes occur. 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Vital Pieces of Slavery Essay Topics

Vital Pieces of Slavery Essay Topics On occasion, it's tough to cover a concrete theme. Don't attempt to compose an original version simultaneously. Each your part is dependent on other. Write a list of ideas you've got or a list of things you're interested in. It can be broken into several components. Make your list as long as feasible take a brief break. In some instances, human trafficking doesn't refer whatsoever to geographical site. Hence, two distinct kinds of economies emerged in addition to the consequent friction between both. At precisely the same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of an excellent cause and effect essay topic. If you want to help your son or daughter understand how causal relationships work, you can get some handy cause and effect worksheets here. Finding the Best Slavery Essay Topics There are a few great topics to take into consideration when deciding on a topic for your argumentative essay. The very best thing about Essay is you're able to use any sort of language formal or informal. If you wish to compose a fantastic history essay you'd better select a topic that is familiar to you. Picking the correct essay topic can occasionally be rather tricky. The Downside Risk of Slavery Essay Topics Look at making it brief and solid with all the required accents. There's plenty if useful information regarding the Web. Otherwise, there are many style guides you may pick from. It informs the readers about the primary purpose of your research. Among the methods to be successful in any research paper is to make an effective outline. Draw the last line and tell what your research was able to produce. After that, do your research to demonstrate your point. Thus, writing a history paper will definitely be fun, if you only pick a really intriguing history essay topic. This last part would differ from a traditional essay conclusion we all got used to. You also ought to restate the thesis and bring your primary concept to the stage. Take your introduction and utilize it to earn a perfect ending for the whole paper. You will need to see that conclusion isn't just a very simple overview of evidence you've provided in your principal portion of the essay. You should also learn where and how to begin a conclusion for an essay. If you would like to learn to compose a conclusion for an expository essay, you also will need to concentrate on your principal idea and thesis statement. Writing an essay conclusion might seem an obvious and effortless step in the whole essay writing task. Rumors, Deception and Slavery Essay Topics Slavery was widespread and many families owned a minumum of one slave. It has been a part of our history for hundreds of years. It is a huge topic so you first need to decide on what aspects of slavery you want to focus on (slavery in the United States prior to the Civil War, slavery in other countries), and then narrow it further to the main message you wish to convey. It is one of the ugliest non-human forms of social relationships. In the current day, the modern kind of slavery comes in the shape of human trafficking. The idea of slavery is one which is not typical in cultures where the individuals are hunter-gathers. Laws developing a slavery system started to appear for Africans. Describe the financial factors used to justify the custom of slavery in the usa. Lies You've Been Told About Slavery Essay Topics You want to provide your reader the last comment about the whole topic you've been discussing. Within this case we're talking about the Civil War. But our thoughts don't alter the facts that cause the war started. Make sure that you are able to fully trust the evidence you want to use. For example, you may concentrate on the use of Britain or the part of Mexico and the Mexican-American War. Very rapidly it became so widely utilized all around the nation, particularly in the South, that it appeared too hard to eradicate completely. All of us can have different thoughts about the value of the Civil War in the usa. Until the beginning of World. Rum is just one of the numerous new foods and drinks which were created. The colonists had figured out a way to earn money and enhance the economy, but they weren't able to turn the chance into a profitable reality for two key factors. The best way to success requires a lot of time and energy. Nevertheless, a big, landless, and bad population remained. There were other varieties of slaves aside from the above. There were many kinds of slaves which were good at various varieties of jobs. Write about the function of the Underground Railroad in freeing individual slaves and contributing to the general maturation of the abolitionist movement.

History and Background of Botswanas Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture free essay sample

I thank god for blessing my lectures and fellow students for making this module a success, otherwise without their support I would not have made it through with this module. The researcher consulted the Ministry of Youth Sport and Culture on the 26 April 2012 to search for information about the background of the ministry. The researcher used the website of the ministry through the internet and policy files. The researcher also used the Ministry of Home Affairs website. The Administration History is the structure and functioning of government, the interaction between society and government and the ideas about government in society. The administrative history gives brief highlights of the individual’s career and life or the organisation’s foundation, development and major programs. It also provides information such as organisation charts, timeline and lists of transitional heads of the organisation from the time of inception to the current stage. Before 2007, the following departments Sport and Recreation, Culture and Youth, National Museum and Art Gallery, Botswana National Archives and Records Services, Botswana National Library Services were under the Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs. Due to the complaints from unsatisfied customers and of stakeholders on unattended issues of sports the ministry of Labour and Home Affairs was forced to split into two. In January 2007 a Presidential decree approved by the parliament was established to settle the issues of stakeholders calling for an independent ministry. The sport portfolio has been under the ministry of Labour and Home affairs for a very long time but really was merely broading the mandate of the custodian ministry, therefore issues relating to sport did not get sufficient attention. Sport department did not execute its role and the ministry had to split. The Ministry of Youth sports and culture was established in January 2007. It was envisaged that the new ministry would reflect on how delivery in these departments could be optimized and duplications removed. Whilst the economic impact of youth, sport and culture, has not yet been quantified, it is believed that the ministry could also leverage these entities to contribute towards the national priority of economic diversification. RELOCATION OF THE NEW MINISTRY The new ministry was then allocated their first offices at the Capitol building in the main mall. Thus Ministry was formed with the division of Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs and requisite number of employees from Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs was taken in the Ministry of Youth Sports and Culture as its initial staff. Immediately thereafter, it began its own recruitment of staff required for its proper functioning . It may be pointed out that a training division was set up to provide the necessary inputs in terms of induction into the new department for the recruited employees. Although the ministry was lead by the Permanent Secretary most posts were vacant, but the job had to be done. The ministry had to operate with the few staff members transferred from the divisions of the ministry of Labour and Home Affairs. As time went on a few posts were filled, such as Director Ministry Management, Deputy Director Ministry Management and Assistant Human Resources with newly appointed to existing staff to help the Permanent Secretary. The ministry struggled for a short while to recruit its own staff but survived the struggle with the help of temporarily appointed staff assisting in various offices of the ministry. It was one devastating crisis after another, first the ministry had no expenditure votes or budget, and there was a shortage of stationery and furniture. There was basically nothing to fall back on. As time went on the office space also became a little too crowded as more staff was being recruited, it was complete havoc but the ministry did not despair. The year went by as the ministry struggled. It was then in the following year (2008) that things got better, the ministry was relocated to yet another new offices in Old Naledi along Samora Machel Drive at Plot number 50626 when the staff felt that they were finally being recognized as a ministry. Expenditure votes ledger accounts were created and budgets were allocated to the ministry in the next financial year. The struggle slowly but surely declined, the staff worked effortlessly as the working conditions were in their favour because they had spacious offices and enough stationery to do their job. The Ministry of Youth Sport and Culture grew gradually as it operated with six different departments, namely Ministry Management, Department of Culture and Youth, National Museum and Art Gallery, Botswana National Library Services, Botswana National Archives and Records Services and finally Sport and Recreation. Step by step everything seemed to fall into place as the Ministry of Youth Sport and Culture had found its purpose. Some of the departments had to transfer to other ministries that suited their responsibility. In 2010 the department of National Museum and Art Gallery moving to the Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism as it is a national treasure that attracted tourists. Some changed their names to accommodate the ever changing times, like the department of ministry management changed its name to the department of Corporate Services. In 2010 the department of Culture and Youth was then split into two to create yet other departments within ministry such as the department of Arts and Culture and the department of Youth. This was done so as to tackle different issues for instance the department of arts and culture focused on developing young Batswana artists and the department of youth focusing on youth affairs, development of youth policies and projects. Currently the ministry is operating with yet six departments after all changes made, namely corporate services, Botswana National Library services, department of Arts and Culture, Botswana National Archives and Records Services, Sport and Recreation and the department of Youth. MANDATE The Ministry of Youth Sports and Culture’s mandate is to empower youth, develop sport and recreation, promote culture and heritage to create wellness and competitiveness, identity, unity and pride for posterity and sustainable development. The Ministry of Youth Sport and Culture is charged with the responsibilities of implementing the Arts and Culture, National Library Services, Sport and Recreation and National Archives and Records Services missions. These departments have been operating independently under the leadership of Directors. It was established that some of their responsibilities overlapped, especially in areas of youth, information provision, and protection and promotion of Heritage. Relationships and interdependencies between departments in terms of process and customers are evident, in particular, in respect of; Preservation and promotion of culture and heritage (Arts and Culture, Youth, Sport and Recreation Archives and Records Services and Library) and Youth empowerment. MISSION MYSC exists to create an enabling environment for youth development, promotion of sport, preservation of culture and heritage through creative relevant, vibrant and attractive programmes. Ministry of Youth Sport Culture shall be a model of excellence in promoting sport, youth empowerment and cultural identity. OBJECTIVES OF THE MINISTRY Since its inception in 2007 the ministry has been able to achieve the following: -Ensuring youth have equal opportunities to resources and in particular, information communication Technology necessary. -Enabling the youth to access useful and relevant information on youth programs, education and employment opportunities, and e- government services. The ministry found t imperative to invest in the global libraries initiative now known as sesigo project. The ministry committed P48 million towards sesigo project to ensure that public libraries are information communication technology enabled. The ministry in collaboration with the private sector implemented projects aimed at identifying non sport talent . President’s Day celebrations are now used to identify talents in various district and localities in the fields of fine arts, mus ic, dance, theatre, drama poetry and comedy, with accompanying incentives to reward the best performers . These projects have been successful and praised by Botswana as it rewards talented ordinary Batswana and improve their standard of living. The ministry is still in the process of exploring ways to assist upcoming music artists to record their work. The Ministry implemented and run youth targeted projects and currently over 43,000 young people participate in the constituency tournaments and over 3000 youth projects have been sponsored by the ministry. Since the tournament of the ministry, sports codes started to do well in both regional and international competition latest being winning of gold medal in the 2010 common wealth games. The ministry is in the process of reorganizing sport administration structure in the country, in line with international trends, accelerate the outgoing process of facilities development throughout the country, establishing of the school of excellence, direct funding of national teams by the state and human resource development to ensure that the ministry and other sport structures are appropriately resourced with qualified personnel. So far two sports complex in Francistown and Lobatse have been constructed by the ministry. The ministry has also built three Records Centers, in Francistown, Gaborone and kanye to accommodate noncurrent records before they are selected to be archives and for permanent value. Even though the ministry has been able to achieve some of the mandates through its dedicated and hardworking staff since its formation in 2007, the ministry has been confronted with issues of employee attrition since 2008, losing highly experienced, skilled and competent employees to other organization. The attrition has been a serious issue of concern in the ministry. Currently it finds some of its Department operating without Directors and skeleton staff. Between 2007 and 2011 the ministry lost 210 employees to other departments. The Ministry of youth Sport and Culture perform its duties or functions through the following Departments. Â  The department of Corporate Services exists to efficiently and effectively coordinate and manage resources and performance, provide guidance information . This is done in collaboration with stakeholders. The following units fall under the Corporate Services. Accounts, Finance, Human Resource, Internal Audit, Legal Services, Ministerial Technical Unit, Ministerial Tender Committee, Office Operations, Planning, Reforms and supplies. Planning unit: project planning, project monitoring and evaluation, project financing, development of project and implementation policy. Finance: budgeting, accounts, receivables’ and payables. Planning unit: project planning, project monitoring and evaluation, project financing, development of projects and implementation policy. Legal Service: to provide legal service to the ministry and its departments, to assist in the interpretation of laws (statutes), to assist in the drafting and interpretation of memorandum of agreements/contracts prepared by other parties contracting with government, to prepare drafting instructions where new legislation or amendment to an existing legislation is to be drafted, to act as liaison officer in case of work that is related to the prosecution of either a criminal or civil matter. Procurement and supplies: office supplies and equipment, material management. Reforms: formulation of strategic/annual plans, coordination of reforms initiatives, facilitation of performance reviews and coordination of performance standards. Information Technology: Strategy/ planning, development of plans and strategies for use of information Technology in the ministry and its department, to develop and use appropriate tools for improving productivity in the business processes, and customer satisfaction of users of the ministry, Train users in making appropriate and effective use of technical tools in IT provided, responsible for initiating and implementing NDP10 IT projects in Headquarters and user departments. IT Management, Operational and Support: information communication and technology system development and support, planning and management of information technology, management of information systems and e-government. The Human resource division: manpower planning, training and development, personnel administration, recruitment and selection, health and safety, employee relations and management services. The Human Resource Management at the ministry of Youth Sports and Culture coordinates and monitors the implementation of human resource management and development of policies, strategies, rules and regulations. The division ensures that rules and regulations, human resource management and development policies are implemented as accepted by management. Rules and regulations should be cleared and interpreted to all employees ,so as to understand the laws that govern their services and what is expected from them in pursuing of the organization’s goals and objectives . The human resource division interprets ,terms and conditions of service to staff and advice the staff members on matters of Human resource management and development. Human resource division is one of the most important divisions in every department . Every organization that wants to achieve its goals and objectives through its dedicated, committed and loyal employees need to have a responsive, caring and effective Human resource division that ensures that employees are developed and equipped with skills needed to perform their jobs effectively. The department of Botswana National Archives and Records Services exist to provide an effective and efficient Records Management Services to government and to provide the same to the local authorities and Parastatals Organizations on advisory basis. In government this is done primarily through the Records Management Units, commonly known as Registries. Within this division the department is entrusted with the responsibilities of providing action officers with the right information at the right time and for the right purpose. We also advice and provide guidance on the creation, maintenance and use and finally disposal of records, i. e. records either going for destruction because they do not contain information of permanent value or records going for permanent preservation as archives. In 2009 the department of Botswana National Archives and Records Services decentralized the posts of all Records officers and redeploy them to their respective ministries and department. All the personal files of the affected officers were transferred from the host ministry and department. In 2010 the department implemented a pilot project of the computerization of records called the National Archives and Records Management computerized System (NARMS) in the department of corporate service, Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs, Department of Primary Education, Department of Water Affairs, Office of the President and Francistown Records Center. The system was implemented to change from the paper – based system to electronic system to manage information which is slow, labourious, and counter productive. NARMS is a computerized management information system that will provide the departments and clients with an efficient and productive service. NARMS will ensure the efficient and systematic control of creation, receipt, maintenance, use and disposition of records. (ISO 15489 – 1: 2001). The department through archives administration division further ensures the provision of research information {noncurrent records archives} to the general public through acquisition, preservation, control and conservation of archives for posterity. Other functions include reprographics, exhibitions, outreach programmes and oral history collection. Archives administration services are provided through the repository, search room, conservation unit, the microfilming unit and audio visual unit. The department of Arts and Culture promotes and preserves culture and to creates an enabling environment for the general public to participate in the cultural development of this country . The department coordinates cultural activities at national level. Cultural preservation instills a sense of pride and unity in the entire nation . The department is guided by the national policy on culture. The department of Youth is responsible for creation of an enabling environment for youth to participate in the development of the country . This department coordinates youth activities at national level . In this regard ,the department emphasizes the provision of excellent customer service and timely delivery. The ministry through the department of youth has been mandated to oversee the implementation of the National youth policy and the action plan for youth. With the assistance of the Botswana National Youth Council, they are the leading partners in youth development. The major functions of the department are as follows: -To develop and review policy in all matters related to youth affairs -To implement and monitor youth programmes and initiatives -To initiate research and keep information relating to youth issues up to date -To promote collaboration efforts amongst all youth NGOS and government of Botswana and any efforts within relevant government ministries. The department Sport and Recreation is charged with the responsibility of facilitating and ensuring the development and implementation of national policies and strategies on sport and recreation in the country . This department is therefore a government organization responsible for policy coordination ,direction and leadership ,sport education ,resource mobilization and appropriation ,networking ,coordination and collaboration ,sport facilities development and recreational leisure.

Deterrence theory and scientific findings on the deterrence value of severe punishment

Deterrence theory Deterrence theory stems from behavioral psychology and concerns with the prevention or control of inappropriate actions through instillation of fear of punishments. Deterrence theory is a theory in criminology and has found persistent use in criminal justice system. The theory states that governments can significantly reduce crimes within their jurisdictions by raising the probability of arrest, probability of conviction and the severity of punishments (Mendes 60).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Deterrence theory and scientific findings on the deterrence value of severe punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Deterrence theory views punishment in two ways. In the first case, criminals receive severe public punishment with a view to deter (prevent) other persons from committing similar offences in future. In the second instance, deterrence focuses on the deviance of the individual and attemp ts to correct behavior through punishment in order to discourage the individual from repetition of such behavior. Deterrence theory justifies the enforcement of punishment in lieu of the offence committed. One of the most severe punishments that authorities enforce on criminals is the capital punishment. Capital punishment achieves deterrence since the executed individual cannot commit additional crimes. However, there is no consensus on whether it achieves general deterrence. According to Amlie Mitschow (1162), there is unsettled debate on whether the penalty can dissuade others from committing similar crimes. Historical development of deterrence theory Punishment with regard to crime can be traced back to the biblical times with the slogan â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.† However, Christians later emphasized tolerance and forgiveness as opposed to punishment to the extent of turning the other cheek. Formulated by utilitarian philosophers Cesare Beccaria (1764 ), Jeremy Bentham (1789) and Montsquieu (1748), deterrence theory both explains crime as well as means of reducing it. They argued that crimes were attacks not only on individuals but also on the society (Mendes 61). This led to the advocacy of punishment with a view to protect the society through prevention of crime. Immanuel Kant was unequivocal in condemning the crime of murder and subsequently stated that whoever commits murder must die (Amlie Mitschow 1161). Throughout history, severe punishment, more so capital punishment received approval by mainstream religions (Judaism, Islam and Christianity) under proper circumstances although Buddhists and Quakers persistently oppose the death penalty (Amlie Mitschow 1161). Plato supports the practice and argues that any individual found guilty of robbery either through fraud or violence, is incurable and should be punished by death.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pape r with 15% OFF Learn More Arguments against deterrent theory Debate has raged on with regard to the real impact of severe punishment on the general welfare of the society. There are those that endorse capital punishment while others plainly denounce the practice. Arguments surrounding capital punishment depend on the moral view of those raising the arguments (Paternoster 776). Opponents of capital punishment raise several reasons why the practice should be discontinued in human beings. Universal sanctity of human life emerges as the sole reason why capital punishment should be abolished. The notion bases on the moral principle that condemns any attempt to take the life of a person. This is central to many religious traditions, and the argument acts both as a premise and a conclusion without any further reasoning (Amlie Mitschow 1165). Fears exist due to the irreversible nature of capital punishment. This aspect renders it detrimental if applied on an innocent person. Oppon ents further cite faults in statistics and argue that these pauses a risk that should cause states to improve their judicial processes. Opponents of capital punishment cite numerous cases where inmates on death sentence had their sentences overturned (Amlie Mitschow 1164). The implicit argument is that these cases concern wrongful conviction of innocent individuals. There is an argument that capital punishment deprives the culprit of the opportunity to express their remorse and make a contribution to society. It is possible for people to be transformed and compensate the society. However, this argument fails in the sense that justice should not be traded for some unknown future concern from the convict (Amlie Mitschow 1164). Scientific data report on the value of severe punishment Dà ¶lling et al (204) report on a meta-study of 700 different studies conducted to test the validity of the deterrence theory. The meta-analysis covers studies conducted between 1952 and 2006. Out of al l the studies, the deterrent hypothesis receives approval in 53% of the studies and a rejection in 34% of the studies. The researchers, however, find that deterrence is more evident on mild crimes and punishment and comparatively low with regard to the death penalty (Dà ¶lling et al 205). According to Mendes (61) the effects of probabilities of arrest and conviction and the severity of punishment receive different perceptions by individuals. There are ambiguous findings with regard to the effects of severe punishments in deterrence theory. Many empirical studies report that the severity of punishments does not have deterrent effects. Even in circumstances where it has an effect, it is weak relative to the effect of the certainty of punishment. Empirical research that incorporates risks suggests that criminals are more risk acceptant (Mendes 70). This leads to the conclusion that certainty of punishment has greater deterrent effects as compared to the severity of the punishment.Adve rtising We will write a custom essay sample on Deterrence theory and scientific findings on the deterrence value of severe punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mendes and McDonald (596) report on scientific findings conducted on 33 studies that show little evidence of the severity of punishment and deterrence. They argue that the problem is not theory but rather the doubts of analysts with regard to the most appropriate statistical model to formulate deterrence theory. Components in the deterrence theory all act in unison and criminals consider all of them jointly and not individually. Statistical models formulated and estimated with the deterrence package intact shows an effect of the severity of punishment in deterrence (Mendes McDonald 600). Statistical data aimed at comparisons between states has not yielded much success. This is because of differences in demographics within and between states. Besides, other factors that change over the span of the study affect inter-temporal studies (Amlie Mitschow 1162). Most countries have abolished capital punishment, and even where practiced, its application is uncertain and untimely. Conclusion According to the deterrence theory, prevention of crime requires a combination of the probability of arrest, probability of conviction given arrest, and a severe punishment given conviction. It is essential to consider the three components jointly, as no single component acting alone is sufficient. Empirical findings of the effect of severity of punishment in deterrence have yielded mixed results. Analysts who have studied the deterrence components independently have majorly brought negative results. On the other side, models that combine probability of punishment with severity of such punishment yield result consistent with the expectations of deterrence theory. Therefore, it is crucial to treat all the three elements of the theory as a package as the components fail when unbundled. Works Cited Amlie, Thomas T. Mitschow, Mark C. â€Å"Arthur Andersen and the capital punishment debate.† Managerial Auditing Journal 19, 9 (2004): 1160-1172. Dà ¶lling, Dieter, et al. â€Å"Is deterrence effective? Results of a Meta-Analysis of punishment.† European Journal of Criminology Research 15 (2009): 201-224.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mendes, Silvia M. â€Å"Certainty, Severity, and Their Relative Deterrent Effects: Questioning the Implications of the Role of Risk in Criminal Deterrence Policy.† Policy Studies Journal 32, 1 (2004): 59-74. Mendes, Silvia M. McDonald, Michael D. â€Å"Putting severity of punishment back in the deterrence package.† Policy Studies Journal 29, 4 (2001): 588-610. Paternoster, Raymond. â€Å"How much do we really know about criminal deterrence?† Journal of Criminal Law Criminology100,  3(Summer 2010): 765-823. This essay on Deterrence theory and scientific findings on the deterrence value of severe punishment was written and submitted by user Ryan S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Latin American History

Latin American History Introduction There are several changes that Latin America has experienced overtime like any other region in the world. The changes have occurred despite the challenges of corruption, inadequate resources, and violence among other detrimental issues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Latin American History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Changes At Different Periods Of Time The changes at different periods of time have been divided into eight periods that have contributed to Latin America’s history. The periods include: The pre-colonial period, discovery and conquest period, colonial period, piracy age period, the period of independence from Spain, nineteenth century period, twentieth century period, and the modern period. The discussion of the periods enables one to have a deep understanding of the changes in Latin America since time immemorial. The pre-colonial period This is the period before 1492. Not much o f the history of this period is known because during that specific period, less documentation of events occurred. The little history that exists reveals that many cultures existed and only a few cultures ruled and exercised their religions. All the other cultures adhered to the religion of undertaking agricultural activities, going for war, and worshiping. Discovery and Conquest This started in the year 1492. As depicted by the name of the period, many discoveries occurred as there was much sailing. In 1553, the cultures that used to dominate were civilized as a result of the discoveries. Conquests also occurred in form of resistance to the European domination. Latin Americans, Spain, and Portugal who were the dominant populations resisted the rule of Europeans despite the powerful weapons used by the Europeans and their ruthlessness. The colonial period Latin America was tired of wars and other adverse calamities. The period of colonialism took place from around 1492 to around 1810 . That period brought many changes and advancements to the current Latin America.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The original cultures were weakened and forbidden due to the low populations. Exploitation of the Latin Americans was rampant. Their powers were neglected by all means and their history was restructured. Latin Americans therefore fought for their identities and are doing so to the current times. Piracy period The period was dominated by piracy as a way of life. European powers were too much. The period occurred in the year 1700 to 1725. The conditions in this period gave residents a golden opportunity for piracy. Many pirates were killed and therefore, most people did not opt for it as a way of earning a living unless when the golden opportunity presented itself. The pirates had set rules to guide them. The rules included honesty and accountability and the rules gu ided their activities. The consequence of not abiding by their rules was countered with punishment in the form of one being ostracized from the group. The pirates were made up of all social classes. The period of Independence from Spain The period occurred when Spain was invaded by Napoleon and conquered. Latin America got independence between 1810 and 1825 because of its strong leadership then. During this period, Spain was weak because it had divided itself into colonies. Nineteenth century period In 1824, Latin America gained independence. It passed through several challenges of learning and adjustment to govern itself. Wars occurred as the people adjusted in their attempts to enhance prosperity (Edwards, 12).All the nations in Latin America experienced war except Argentina which had adopted its own constitution invented by Juan Bautista. He was a critical and creative thinker of the period. He enabled Argentina to be stable and peaceful during the time of conflicts and during ot her related struggles. The nations that borrowed his ideologies enshrined in the Argentinean Constitution also became stable. Twentieth century period Many revolutions occurred. The most prominent war during this period was the â€Å"Thousand days war†. The war took place in Columbia from the year 1899 to the year 1902. The root cause of the war was the existence of both the liberals and the conservatives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Latin American History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The individuals with liberal ideologies supported the changes that accompanied the independence while the conservative individuals rejected the changes brought about by the independence. The conflicts brought about some adverse effects in the all the nations of Latin America. Many people died. Rivalry, violence, and hatred dominated the nations of Latin America during this period. Modern period The period had several rev olutions in the key sectors of industrialization, education, health care, and land reforms. Many industries came in to existence and the few that existed began to enhance their operations (Rangel, 4). The education and health sectors improved in their operations to include both the poor and the rich residents. The revolution made the sectors affordable, accessible, culturally acceptable, and sensitive to needs of the nation. Modernization in the form of transportation and infrastructure also advanced. Conclusion In conclusion, the changes that have taken place in Latin America are responsible for the rapid development of Latin America. The development in the domains of the economy, society, politics, and law is attributed to the continued inventions by the people of Latin America and their aggressive attempts to fight for their existence. Edwards, Sebastian. Left Behind: Latin America and the False Promise of Populism, Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press, 2010.Print. Rangel, Carlos. The Latin Americans: Their Love-Hate Relationship with the United States, New York, USA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977.Print.

Heian Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Heian Japan - Essay Example led in a number of contemporaneous literatures such as The Pillow Book of Sei Shonagon by Sei Shonagon, Anthology of Japanese Literature: from the earliest era to the mid-nineteenth century by Donald Keene, The Tale of Genji and The Diary of Lady Murasaki, both composed by Murasaki Shikibu. The Tale of Genji is regarded as one of the first novels in Japan. The works of Shikibu and Shonagon highlight the Japanese court cultures with values and concepts. The Tale of Genji is the greatest classic of Japanese literature which reflects the significance of this culture especially among the women’s communities during the heian period. By well revealing the world of imperial court of Heian Japan these literatures actually portray the fascinating culture and society of that era. Murasaki Shikibu along with Sei Shonagon is an evidence of women education in Heian Japan. The capital city of Heian comprised chiefly of the royal homes of aristocratic people enjoying power. From this very city of wise dimensions, the emperors and their corresponding ministers supervised the entire country. Buddhist temples remained imperative institution throughout the Heian era. They enjoyed economic power to a considerable extent by political interference and many landed estate’s control. Relatives of the emperor or noble families were chiefly select ed as the leaders of the temples. Elite women though not accompanying official designations of emperors or ministers had access to political affairs and property ownership. They were even entitled to pass on their properties to their heirs. At the Heian court, the Japanese started adopting a culture which remained unaffected by Chinese culture (â€Å"Heian period†). In Tale of Genji the character of the handsome prince reflects the existence of love and romance in the Heian period (Bowring). This classic novel throws light on love, sex and politics prevailing in the society in that era (Bowring). The relationship of love between the member of

Littleton Manufacturing Case Study PowerPoint presentation Speech or

Littleton Manufacturing Case Study PowerPoint - Speech or Presentation Example These changes coupled with increased competition in the market affected Littleton manufacturing through Brooks industries dwindling financial performance (Whiteside, 1994). To address this issue, the management at Littleton manufacturing got concerned with addressing the deep lying problems that affected the company. The company decided to compute a human resources process improvement team-PIT, to outline the issues and second a corrective course of action. This paper will aim towards identifying the problems at Littleton and providing solutions that will help consolidate the company’s position in the market. Problems identified and their symptoms Complaints at different levels of the company’s plant arose over the issue of poor organizational communication at the company. With this as a sign of organizational problems at the company, the management sought help from students at a nearby faculty to asses the organizational communication at Littleton (Whiteside, 1994). Th e PIT team collected the results from the students and conducted an in-house analysis that identified six critical problem areas that the company was to address. The six problems get discussed below in separate paragraphs. The first problem identified was a lack of organizational unity at Littleton. The apparent lack of organizational unity got viewed through the disquiet shown by the workers who believed the fabrication side got overlooked over the newer components side (Whiteside, 1994). The components side had newer machines while the fabrication side had older machines that required frequent servicing yet they never got replaced. Workers also mentioned of the stringent working conditions in the fabrication side of the plant compared to the components side. The workers viewed the management of the components side as stringent while that of the components side appears flexible and relaxed. The workers observed that the two sides of the plant appeared to have different management s tyles. The second problem cited was a lack of consistency in the enforcement of rules and procedures within the different sides of the plant. Complaints arose from workers about the differences within the department and sides at the plant when enforcing rules and procedures. Evidence of this appeared when workers complained that some supervisors in the components side gave longer breaks compared to other supervisors in other departments. In the very components side, some supervisors allowed workers to leave as early as twenty minutes before quitting time (Whiteside, 1994). Inconsistencies also got cited in terms of application of punishments. Fighting in the plant would result to automatic dismissal, but there were two incidents where the culprits never got punished. Some employees mentioned of an incident where someone was caught smoking marijuana within the plant, but only got a written warning for such a misdemeanor. A lady also got suspended from work for three days for missing work due to doctor appointments for her child. However, an operator got no punishment for missing work regularly due to suspicions of drug or alcohol abuse. Another example of inconsistency in applying rules and procedures got viewed through the absenteeism levels from either side of the plant. The fabrication side had less than one percent absenteeism compared to the 2.2% recorded in the components

Stereotypical Roles And The Effects On Society Media Essay

Stereotypical Roles And The Effects On Society Media Essay Gender is a societal construct of the roles of men and women in the society. According to Asher and Lloyd, (2002), gender stereotype refers to the beliefs people hold about members of categories of men and women. Gender role are described by social scientists as socially constructed, which they vary from one culture to another. It all depends on how we are socialized in different cultures since childhood and who we interact with that defines our gender role. Most social upbringings present women as the weaker sex who needs to be protected and to just stay at home. Men on the other hand are seen as the bread winners and that they work to provide and to protect their families. Both men and women perceive the world differently according to how they are socialized. Beliefs regarding appropriate behavior also influence how men and women interact. Television has however enhanced stereotypical role in that they portray a good woman as the one who is submissive and domesticated. Femininity therefore is associated with traits that are emotional, prudent, co-operative, having communal sense and compliance to certain aspects. Television portrays women as emotional beings and that they talk more than the men. Men as per the media are suppose to demonstrate their power and authority during interaction thus they tend to dominate during conversations. Men on the other hand are portrayed as concerned with report aspects that are based on facts thus using different communication styles from women. Even within a culture masculinity and femininity may be defined differently by various groups, in particular according to ethnicity, age, social class and sexuality. In this sense there is no single masculinity or femininity, but rather multiple masculinities and femininities. Not all men are leader like, aggressive, assertive, independent, risk-taking and so on; and not all women are affectionate, gentle, sympathetic, dependent, emotional, nurturing etc. Such qualities are found in varying degrees in most people (Curran Michael.eds., 1991) They continue to argue that all men and women are aware of the cultural traditional gender stereotypes and the television network contributes to this awareness. Men will usually seek achievement and dominance in cultural expectations and that women will be with complaints and be supportive. The relationship of people to these expectations often involves tension that usually boils up. This categorization thus influences our perception and teaches us how society wants us to behave as men and women. Both men and women do the same role nowadays for example they go to work in the morning and return in the evening just like the men do. It is therefore paramount that all these stereotypes portrayed by the television are countered so that both men and women see each other as equals and that they can do the same jobs regardless of their gender. DeFleur defines socialization as a complex, long-term, and multidimensional set of communicative exchanges between individuals and various agents of society that result in the individuals preparation for life in a socio cultural environment (DeFleur, 209). According to Max Weber a German sociologist, sociology is the study of society social sciences which aimed at developing and refine a body of knowledge about human social living through critical investigation and analysis with the aim of applying gathered knowledge to the pursuit of social welfare. (Wilson, 1989) The essence of education in society has influenced the way in which cultural communities associate, in television there different target of audience and the messages portrayed are passed frequently either by male or female. Most of business advertisements uses both sex ads depending on the product they want to create awareness and likeability e.g. a company which sale motor vehicles will likely use men to pass the message while various companies that deals with body lotions or domestic products are likely to use women. However occupations equivalence is now based on education merit and professional ability to handle critical task. This helps to brainstorm working in the society where women too can do most professional jobs as their male counterparts. In recent years there has been a notable increase of women presenters and perhaps the attribute of physical attractiveness has played a huge part in their selection than for their male counterparts. The effects of gender stereotyping in todays society Greater societies have adopted gender etiquette due to political, social and economic human rights mostly communicated via the television, this role is relevant to household for well being of the society in general. Through educative programs, television is the most realistic mode of communication. Television still perpetuate traditional gender because it reflects social values, However, television shows a small, distorted view of reality, which can damage peoples views of the real world, and this can influence how people think and behave. Television has always been a male dominated area based on masculinity perspective and implicit narratives judgments. However, there are other theoretical considerations, criticisms and assumptions that arise from the cultivation theory, and which are mainly addressed in the work of Huston and Wright. Cultivation theory needs to rely on other approaches such as the influence of the family, the childs cognitive development, the amount and most import antly the type of television the child watches; this is to fully understand the socialization development. Results In the todays media fraternity departments, (e.g. television production) is highly male dominated which is influenced by stereotypes with the aspect of masculinity. However females will soon move to such technical areas due to advancement of technology whereby portable production equipments can be handled by women. Professionalism has created a balance race on job specifications curbing bias. Television alone is not enough to change people gender roles, it is vital that role models contribute broader perspective on stereotypes about what both sexes can do. ( Joyrich, 1996) To various communities watching television can be quite awful especially to little children who watch much of television, most a time can lead to complications in change of behavior, e.g. crying and other violent or excessive aggressiveness, which probably can be due to the programs which kids sees that might be violent. Statistics Research contacted by reality TV, American idol, attached over 50% market share indicating that over 50 % of television viewers watched the show, reality TVs watched all over the world and UK 2000 70% of population watched of ages 8-65+ have watch TV regularly, and Methodology The research will be conducted using primary and secondary methods, the questionnaires for data collection externally. The questionnaire will have both open-ended and closed-ended questions, this are aimed at explaining the way in which television portrays adult gender stereotypical roles and the effects this may have on todays society. Questionnaires will be advantageous to the researcher while collecting data because less time will be spent. The method will allow the researcher to collect data from the large number of respondents quickly. In addition, the respondents will have enough time to read and understand the questions before answering them. Content analysis will also be used to analyze the number of viewers and listeners based on frequency at which stereotypical roles are aired on television. This will be analyzed by stating who says what, to whom, why, to what extend and with what effect. Desk research will be collected from various books, magazines, social journals, intern et to corroborate the findings from the field. Data Analysis The data will be analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics with the support of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). (Nachmias Guerrerro, 1996). It says that descriptive statistics has an advantage to the researcher because it allows a researcher to organize information in an effective way and also allows information to be reduced to an understandable form. The descriptive statistics to be used will include simple tallying procedures such as frequency distributions, pie chart, bar graphs and histograms. Conclusion Television has contributed to shaping gender roles. The society has in one effect due to cultural norms streamlined the possibility that women can also work competently and there is no doubt that television is a vital tool that presents powerful attention and mind grabbing images and programs, however the anchors gender should always be balanced and not based on cultural beliefs rather profession ability to handle the task. Television today is proofing to be one of the most important and most considered medium of communication. Media has an impact in bringing change to the society, e.g. through television mass audiences get to share a variety of identical experience, socialize and others create business opportunities. Television is a set to observe positive successful ideologies and probably assume it is one source in which the society should adopt change.

Wilderness Sport and Adventure Education Essay -- Teaching, Physical Ed

Physical Education teachers today use all types of teaching models in order to provide the best service to their students. One specific example of a teaching model is Wilderness Sport/Adventure Education. The purpose of this essay will be to describe the development of Adventure Education and Wilderness Sport in today’s Physical Education classrooms, and to fully explain the teaching model to those who are unfamiliar with it. Public interest in outdoor recreation has increased significantly in the past several decades. The importance of healthy activity in the natural environment has also seen a positive increase. While adults may see the importance of healthy outdoors activities, kids need to be more active and get outside to play. Today’s generation of children are so â€Å"plugged in† to video games, IPod’s, cellphones, and computers that almost all â€Å"play† is done electronically. Kids no longer come home from school and play tag, kickball, or even hopscotch with their friends. Nowadays kids go straight towards their technology in order to play and communicate with friends. One of the primary results of this is the significant increase in overweight children and childhood obesity. Childhood obesity and early onset diabetes is at an all-time high in this country. This is directly resulting in the fact that kids spend significantly less time active and outside when compa red to time spent sedentary inside. Through these trends, it has been made possible for P.E. educators to cultivate and implement a Wilderness Sport/ Adventure Education curriculum in physical education. So what is Wilderness Sport/Adventure Education? They are two separate units, similar, but different. Adventure Education is more than likely the fi... ...ysical examination and wilderness athletes" (January 1, 2007). Texas Medical Center Dissertations (via ProQuest). Paper AAI1445481. "Health and Human Performance." What Is Adventure Education? Department of Health and Human Performance. Web. 04 Apr. 2012. . Kelly, Luke E., and Vincent J. Melograno. Developing the Physical Education Curriculum: An Achievement-based Approach. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 2004. Print. Lund, Jacalyn Lea, and Deborah Tannehill. Standards-based Physical Education Curriculum Development. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2005. Print. "Welcome to Project Adventure, Leaders InAdventure and Experience-based Learning." Project Adventure. Web. 04 Apr. 2012. .

Sir Mohammed Iqbal Biography Essay

Sir Mohammed Iqbal was born at Sialkot, India (now in Pakistan), on 9th November, 1877 of a pious family of small merchants and was educated at Government College, Lahore. He is commonly referred to as Allama Iqbal (Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã›  Ø §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ¢â‚¬Å½, Allama meaning â€Å"Scholar†). In Europe from 1905 to 1908, he earned his degree in philosophy from the University of Cambridge, qualified as a barrister in London, and received a doctorate from the University of Munich. His thesis, The Development of Metaphysics in Persia, revealed some aspects of Islamic mysticism formerly unknown in Europ On his return from Europe, he gained his livelihood by the practice of law, but his fame came from his Persian- and Urdu-language poetry, which was written in the classical style for public recitation. Through poetic symposia and in a milieu in which memorizing verse was customary, his poetry became widely known, even among the illiterate. Almost all the cultured Indian and Pakistani Muslims of his and later generations have had the habit of quoting Iqbal. Before he visited Europe, his poetry affirmed Indian nationalism, as in Naya shawala (â€Å"The New Altar†), but time away from India caused him to shift his perspective. He came to criticize nationalism for a twofold reason: in Europe it had led to destructive racism and imperialism, and in India it was not founded on an adequate degree of common purpose. In a speech delivered at Aligarh in 1910, under the title â€Å"Islam as a Social and Political Ideal,† he indicated the new Pan-Islamic direction of his hopes. The recurrent themes of Iqbal’s poetry are a memory of the vanished glories of Islam, a complaint about its present decadence, and a call to unity and reform. Reform can be achieved by strengthening the individual through three successive stages: obedience to the law of Islam, self-control, and acceptance of the idea that everyone is potentially a vicegerent of God (na`ib, or mu`min). Furthermore, the life of action is to be preferred to ascetic resignation. Three significant poems from this period, Shikwah (â€Å"The Complaint†), Jawab-e shikwah (â€Å"The Answer to the Complaint†), and Khizr-e rah (â€Å"Khizr, the Guide†), were published later in 1924 in the Urdu collection Bang-e dara (â€Å"The Call of the Bell†). In those works Iqbal gave intense expression to the anguish of Muslim powerlessness. Khizr (Arabic: Khidr), the Qur`anic  prophet who asks the most difficult questions, is pictured bringing from God the baffling problems of the early 20th century. Notoriety came in 1915 with the publication of his long Persian poem Asrar-e khudi (The Secrets of the Self). He wrote in Persian because he sought to address his appeal to the entire Muslim world. In this work he presents a theory of the self that is a strong condemnation of the self-negating quietism (i.e., the belief that perfection and spiritual peace are attained by passive absorption in contemplation of God and divine things) of classical Islamic mysticism; his criticism shocked many and excited controversy. Iqbal and his admirers steadily maintained that creative self-affirmation is a fundamental Muslim virtue; his critics said he imposed themes from the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche on Islam. The dialectical quality of his thinking was expressed by the next long Persian poem, Rumuz-e bikhudi (1918; The Mysteries of Selflessness). Written as a counterpoint to the individualism preached in the Asrar-ekhudi, this poem called for self-surrender. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. . Lo, like a candle wrestling with the night †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. . O’er my own self I pour my flooding tears †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I spent my self, that there might be more light, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. .. More loveliness, more joy for other men. The Muslim community, as Iqbal conceived it, ought effectively to teach and to encourage generous service to the ideals of brotherhood and justice. The mystery of selflessness was the hidden strength of Islam. Ultimately, the only satisfactory mode of active self-realization was the sacrifice of the self in the service of causes greater than the self. The paradigm was the life of the Prophet Muhammad and the devoted service of the first believers. The second poem completes Iqbal’s conception of the final destiny of the self. Later, he published three more Persian volumes. Payam-e Mashriq (1923; â€Å"Message of the East†), written in response to J.W. von Goethe’s West-à ¶stlicher Divan (1819; â€Å"Divan of West and East†), affirmed the universal validity of Islam. In 1927 Zabur-e ‘Ajam (â€Å"Persian Psalms†)  appeared, about which A.J. Arberry, its translator into English, wrote: â€Å"Iqbal displayed here an altogether extraordinary tal ent for the most delicate and delightful of all Persian styles, the ghazal,† or love poem. Javid-nameh (1932; â€Å"The Song of Eternity†) is considered Iqbal’s masterpiece. Its theme, reminiscent of Dante’s Divine Comedy, is the ascent of the poet, guided by the great 13th-century Persian mystic Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi, through all the realms of thought and experience to the final encounter. Iqbal’s later publications of poetry in Urdu were Bal-e Jibril (1935; â€Å"Gabriel’s Wing†), Zarb-e kalim (1937; â€Å"The Blow of Moses†), and the posthumous Armaghan-e Hijaz (1938; â€Å"Gift of the Hejaz†), which contained verses in both Urdu and Persian. He is considered the greatest poet in Urdu of the 20th century. Upon his return to India in 1908, Iqbal took up assistant professorship at the Government College in Lahore, but for financial reasons he relinquished it within a year to practice law. During this period, Iqbal’s personal life was in turmoil. He divorced Karim Bibi in 1916, but provided financial support to her and their children for the rest of his life. While maintaining his legal practice, Iqbal began concentrating on spiritual and religious subjects, and publishing poetry and literary works. He became active in the Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam, a congress of Muslim intellectuals, writers and poets as well as politicians, and in 1919 became the general secretary of the organisation. Iqbal’s thoughts in his work primarily focused on the spiritual direction and development of human society, centred around experiences from his travel and stay in Western Europe and the Middle East. He was profoundly influenced by Western philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson and Goethe, and soon became a strong critic of Western society’s separation of religion from state and what he perceived as its obsession with materialist pursuits. The poetry and philosophy of Mawlana Rumi bore the deepest influence on Iqbal’s mind. Deeply grounded in religion since childhood, Iqbal would begin intensely concentrating on the study of Islam, the culture and history of Islamic civilization and its political future, and embrace Rumi as â€Å"his  guide.† Iqbal would feature Rumi in the role of a guide in many of his poems, and his works focused on reminding his readers of the past glories of Islamic civilization, and delivering a message of a pure, spiritual focus on Islam as a source for socio-political liberation and greatness. Iqbal denounced political divisions within and amongst Muslim nations, and frequently alluded to and spoke in terms of the global Muslim community, or the Ummah. Iqbal’s first work published in Urdu, the Bang-e-Dara (The Call of the Marching Bell) of 1924, was a collection of poetry written by him in three distinct phases of his life.[4] The poems he wrote up to 1905, the year Iqbal left for England imbibe patriotism and imagery of landscape, and includes the Tarana-e-Hind (The Song of India), popularly known as Saare Jahan Se Achcha and another poem Tarana-e-Milli (Anthem of the (Muslim) Community), which was composed in the same metre and rhyme scheme as Saare Jahan Se Achcha. The second set of poems date from between 1905 and 1908 when Iqbal studied in Europe and dwell upon the nature of European society, which he emphasized had lost spiritual and religious values. This inspired Iqbal to write poems on the historical and cultural heritage of Islamic culture and Muslim people, not from an Indian but a global perspective. Iqbal urges the global community of Muslims, addressed as the Ummah to define personal, social and political existence by the values and teachings of Islam. Poems such as Tulu’i Islam (Dawn of Islam) and Khizr-e-Rah (The Guided Path) are especially acclaimed. Iqbal preferred to work mainly in Persian for a predominant period of his career, but after 1930, his works were mainly in Urdu. The works of this period were often specifically directed at the Muslim masses of India, with an even stronger emphasis on Islam, and Muslim spiritual and political reawakening. Published in 1935, the Bal-e-Jibril (Wings of Gabriel) is considered by many critics as the finest of Iqbal’s Urdu poetry, and was inspired by his visit to Spain, where he visited the monuments and legacy of the kingdom of the Moors. It consists of ghazals, poems, quatrains, epigrams and carries a strong sense religious passion.[4] The Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq (What are we to do, O Nations of the East?) includes the poem Musafir (Traveller). Again, Iqbal depicts Rumi as a character and an exposition of the mysteries of Islamic laws and Sufi perceptions is given. Iqbal laments the dissension and disunity among the Indian Muslims as well as Muslim nations. Musafir is an account of one of Iqbal’s journeys to Afghanistan, in which the Pashtun people are counseled to learn the â€Å"secret of Islam† and to â€Å"build up the self† within themselves.[4] Iqbal’s final work was the Armughan-e-Hijaz (The Gift of Hijaz), published posthumously in 1938. The first part contains quatrains in Persian, and the second part contains some poems and epigrams in Urdu. The Persian quatrains convey the impression as though the poet is travelling through the Hijaz in his imagination. Profundity of ideas and intensity of passion are the salient features of these short poems. The Urdu portion of the book contains some categorical criticism of the intellectual movements and social and political revolutions of the modern age. While dividing his time between law and poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He supported Indian involvement in World War I, as well as the Khilafat movement and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Maulana Mohammad Ali and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian National Congress, which he regarded as dominated by Hindus and was disappointed with the League when during the 1920s, it was absorbed in factional divides between the pro-British group led by Sir Muhammad Shafi and the centrist group led by Jinnah. In November 1926, with the encouragement of friends and supporters, Iqbal contested for a seat in the Punjab Legislative Assembly from the Muslim district of Lahore, and defeated his opponent by a margin of 3,177 votes. He supported the constitutional proposals presented by Jinnah with the aim of guaranteeing Muslim political rights and influence in a coalition with the Congress, and worked with the Aga Khan and other Muslim leaders to mend the factional divisions and achieve unity in the Muslim League. His philosophical position was articulated in The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (1934), a volume based on six lectures delivered at Madras,  Hyderabad, and Aligarh in 1928-29. He argued that a rightly focused man should unceasingly generate vitality through interaction with the purposes of the living God. The Prophet Muhammad had returned from his unitary experience of God to let loose on the earth a new type of manhood and a cultural world characterized by the abolition of priesthood and hereditary kingship and by an emphasis on the study of history and nature. The Muslim community in the present age ought, through the exercise of ijtihad–the principle of legal advancement–to devise new social and political institutions. He also advocated a theory of ijma’–consensus. Iqbal tended to be progressive in adumbrating general principles of change but conservative in initiating actual change. During the time that he was delivering these lectures , Iqbal began working with the Muslim League. At the annual session of the league at Allahabad, in 1930, he gave the presidential address, in which he made a famous statement that the Muslims of northwestern India should demand status as a separate state. After a long period of ill health, Iqbal died in April 1938 and was buried in front of the great Badshahi Mosque in Lahore. Two years later, the Muslim League voted for the idea of Pakistan. That the poet had influenced the making of that decision, which became a reality in 1947, is undisputed. He has been acclaimed as the father of Pakistan, and every year Iqbal Day is celebrated by Pakistanis. Aspects of his thought are explored in K.G. Saiyidain, Iqbal’s Educational Philosophy, 6th ed. rev. (1965), a standard analysis of the relevance of Iqbal’s ideas about education written by a distinguished Indian educationist; Annemarie Schimmel, Gabriel’s Wing, 2nd ed. (1989), a thorough analysis of Iqbal’s religious symbolism, including a comprehensive bibliography in English; Syed Abdul Vahid, Iqbal: His Art and Thought, new ed. (1959), a standard introduction; Hafeez Malik (ed.), Iqbal, Poet-Philosopher of Pakistan (1971), representative Pakistani views; and S.M .H. Burney (S.M.H. Barni), Iqbal, Poet-Patriot of India (1987), focusing on nationalism and secularism in his poetry.

Spanish Verbs Oír and Escuchar

The differences between oà ­r and escuchar are essentially the same as the differences between to hear and to listen to. While there is some overlap in how the verbs are used, oà ­r generally refers to the simple act of hearing, and escuchar involves the listeners response to what is heard. Using Oà ­r Some typical uses of oà ­r as referring to the sensory act of hearing: No puedo oà ­r a nadie con mi nuevo telà ©fono. (I cant hear anybody with my brand-new telephone.)Cuando era pequeà ±a oà ­ la expresià ³n muchas veces. (When I was little I heard the expression often.) ¿Dà ³nde has estado encerrado si no has oà ­do estas canciones? (Where have you been penned up if you havent heard these songs?)Finalmente, oiremos el Concierto para piano no. 21 en do mayor. (Finally, we will hear the Concerto for Piano No. 21 in C Major.) It is common to use oà ­r when referring to activities such as listening to the radio or attending a concert, although escuchar can also be used: Yo oà ­a la radio antes de irme a la cama. (I was listening to the radio before going to bed.)Compramos boletos y fuimos a oà ­r un concierto de jazz. (We bought tickets and went to a jazz concert.) The imperative forms oye, oiga, oà ­d (rare in Latin America), and oigan are sometimes used to call attention to what youre saying. Translations vary with the context. Pues oye  ¿que quieres que te diga? (Well then, what do you want me to tell you?)Oiga, creo no es una buena idea. (Hey, I dont think its a good idea.) Using Escuchar Like listen, escuchar carries the idea of paying attention or of heeding advice. Note that escuchar is not typically followed by a preposition in the way that listen is nearly always followed by to. The exception is that when listening to a person the personal a is used. Escucharon el ruido de un avià ³n. (They heard the noise of an airplane.)Mis padres escuchaban mucho a Gipsy Kings. (My parents listened a lot to the Gipsy Kings.)Debes escuchar a tus clientes con mà ¡s atencià ³n. (You should listen more attentively to your customers.)Todos escuchamos el consejo que le da a Miguel. (We all listened to the advice that he gave to Miguel.)Te recomiendo que te escuches la entrevista completa. (I recommend that you listen to the complete interview.)Escuchà © a mi profesora de yoga y entendà ­ lo que me querà ­a decir. (I listened to my yoga professor and understood what she wanted to tell me.) The reflexive form, escuchar, is often used to indicate that something was or is heard. La voz del hombre se escuchaba mà ¡s fuerte y clara. (The voice of the man was heard loud and clear.)Ahora Spotify te dirà ¡ quà © mà ºsica se escucha en otros paà ­ses. (Now Spotify will tell you what music is heard in other countries.) There are a few situations in which either oà ­r or escuchar can be used with little difference in meaning. Primarily, either can be used when hearing or listening to requests: Oyà ³/escuchà ³ las sà ºplicas de su amigo. (She heard/listened to the pleas of her friend.) Related Words Nouns related to oà ­r include el oà ­do, the sense of hearing, and la oà ­da, the act of hearing. Oà ­ble is an adjective meaning audible. In some regions, un escucho is a secret conveyed by a whisper, while escuchà ³n is an adjective referring to someone who is overly curious about what other people are saying. Conjugation The conjugation of oà ­r is highly irregular in spelling and pronunciation. Escuchar is conjugated regularly, following the pattern of hablar and other regular -ar verbs. Etymology Oà ­r comes from the Latin audire and is related to words such as oyez (a word used in courts to gain attention), audio and audience. It may be distantly related to hear, possibly coming from same Indo-European root. Escuchar comes from the Latin verb auscultare. It is related to the English verb to auscultate, a medical term for using a stethoscope to listen to the internal sounds of the body.